DALE'S CONE EXPERIENCE

Hi guyssS... DO u know about Cone's Dale Experience?
Here's these questions maybe represents you to ask :

What is Dale’s Cone of Experience?

The Cone was developed by Edgar Dale in 1946 guyssS  and … it was intended as a way to describe various learning experiences. The diagram presented to the is a modification of Dale’s original Cone; the percentages given relate to how much people remember and is a recent modification. Essentially, the Cone shows the progression of experiences from the most concrete (at the bottom of the cone) to the most abstract (at the top of the cone). It is important to note that Dale never intended the Cone to depict a value judgment of experiences. You know guys..Dale believed that any and all of the approaches could and should be used, depending on the needs of the learner :))

How should the Cone be interpreted?

·         The figure above shows  :what students will be able to do at each level of the Cone (the learning outcomes they will be able to achieve)

·         Relative to the type of activity they are doing (reading, hearing, viewing images, etc.).

·         The numerical figures on the left side of the image, what people will generally remember, indicate that practical, hands-on experience in a real-life context will allow students to remember best what they do.

·         Well guys, it is important to remember that this doesn’t mean reading and listening are not valuable learning experiences, simply that “doing the real thing” can lead to the retention of the largest amount of information. This is in part because those experiences near the bottom of the Cone, closer to and including real-world experiences, make use of more of our senses; it is believed that the more senses that are used, the greater our ability to learn from and remember an event or experience.

How can Dale’s Cone be used to enhance SL( Second Language) learning?

The Cone should not be interpreted as indicating that teachers shouldn’t make use of reading, listening, viewing experiences and the like.

These are all valuable and important parts of learning a second language and all have a place in the B-SLIM model. What should be taken from reviewing Dale’s Cone of Experience is that experiences at ALL of the levels described should be used in the second language classroom. 

Dale’s Cone emphasizes learning experiences that appeal to the different senses and the different ways in which we learn.

Direct parallels can be drawn between the different levels of experience depicted in the Cone and the stages of the B-SLIM model. When looking at Figure 2 to the right, the first 6 types of experience (from the top of the cone downward) are all part of the Getting It and Using It stages of B-SLIM. The real-world experiences at the bottom of the Cone relate directly to the Proving It stage; it is at this stage of the model that students are encouraged to use what they have learned in new, real-life contexts.

Already read it?
Well, this is my perspective about the edgar's cons experience .

Based on the on first cone above we can see that by reading, the learners’ capability to remember is 10%, 20% by hearing,  30% by seeing, 50% by  seeing and watching. Those are create the abstract experiences. Furthermore, learners will retain 70% information of what they say and write. However, the most effective method is at the bottom which from what we are do and the retention is up to 90%.  Learners retain knowledge best when they are doing things directly which  allow them to get the direct or concrete  experience. Because from concrete experience, they will use all of their senses. So as a teacher, we must consider of this kind of thing that learners learn best by doing the direct experiences. At consequence, teacher should design activities in learning process in such a way  for students to get the  real-life experiences. 

 What is the  relationship between ICT and Dale's cone experience ?

teacher can use ICT as a media to create a concrete experience  ( SEE AT THE BOTTOM OF CONE) in teaching and learning process for their student. ICT can facilitate a greater access to the real experiences for learning by using computer, internet, video, software and etc.

 For example: To teach pronunciation, teacher can provide a pronunciation video of native speaker to be watched by students  which  can be easily accessed and downloaded by using internet and it can be more real compare to teacher pronounce by her/him self.

   

THEORY OF LEARNING

Well guysS.. after reviewing some articles and ebooks from diffrerence sources , here i would like to give you some informations about theory of learning as well as we have alrready discussed in our luvly class ( ICT ). Our  lecturer Pak Zainal have explained the main point of these theories and he gave us some examples of each theory .Now i would like to combine his explaination with some sources which i have gotten. It will be interesting if we categorize it based on Defenition, Application , Example , Advantages , and Disadvantages . Well.. now take a look my sumary... :)) #fellasSs :D

1.Behaviourism

a.Definition

Learning (knowledge) takes the form of a response to stimuli 
eg  : teacher holds up a flash card that says 4 + 2 = and the student says 6) – the primary focus is how the association between the stimulus and response is made, strengthed and maintained. Responses followed by reinforcement are more likely to recur in the future.

Behaviourism seems more useful (to me) in fact based situations. (As opposed to analytical / creative one. (Schunk,1991)”

Only that?? No guyss ..:))

Another factor considered important by Behavioristic flow is a factor strengthening (reinforcement). If the reinforcement is added (positive reinforcement), the response will be stronger. Similarly, if the response is reduced / eliminated (negative reinforcement) then responpun will be stronger.
Oke see the characteristics  below!

Characteristics of behaviourism theory :

• -          An emphasis on producing observable and measurable outcomes in students [behavioural objectives, task analysis, criterion-reference assessment]
• -          Pre-assessment of students to determine where instruction should begin [learner analysis]
• -          Emphasis on mastering early steps before progressing to more complex levels of performance [sequencing of instructional presentation, mastery learning]
• -          use of reinforcement to impact performance [tangible rewards, informative feedback]
• -          Use of cues, shaping and practice to ensure a strong stimulus-response assocation [simple to complex sequencing of practice, use of prompts]
• How about the application?

c.Application of behaviorism theory in teaching learning :

Application of behaviorism theory depends on the purpose of learning, the nature of the subject matter, the characteristics of students, media, and learning facilities are designed and available .Teaching learning which is constructed from this theory  views that knowledge is objective, permanent and unchanging

d.For example:

Conversational foreign language, typing, dancing, using the computer, swimming, sports and so on. This theory is also suitable to be applied to train the children who still need a dominance of adult roles, like repeated and should be socialized, imitative and fun with other forms of direct rewards such as candy or praise given.

 e.The Advantages :

Behavioristic method is very suitable for the acquisition ability requiring practice and conditioning that contain elements such as:

• -          Speed​​ spontaneity
• -          Flexibility
• -          Reflexes
• -          endurance

But this theory has several weaknesses guys eumm :(
See the explaination below

f.Disadvantages :  

If the  application behaviouristic is wrong in a learning situation ,resulted in the learning process is

-          very unpleasant for the student teachers as a central

-          authoritarian

-          one-way communication takes place

-          train teachers and to determine what students should learn.

-          Student is considered passive, need motivation from the outside

-          and is strongly influenced by the strengthening of the teacher

-          Just listen to the premises orderly student teacher's explanations and to memorize what is heard and seen as an effective way of learning.

-          The use of punishment is avoided by Behavioristic leaders are considered the most effective methods to curb the students.

Based on  (http://masesigit.blogspot.com)

I think this theory tends to lead students to think linear, convergent, uncreative and unproductive. This theoretical view that learning is a process of formation or shapping is bringing students into or reach a certain target, making the students are not free to be creative and imaginative.

2. Cognitivism

a.Definition of Cognitivism

Cognitive learning theory is more emphasis on learning is a process that occurs in the human mind. Learning is basically a business process that involves mental activity that occurs in humans as a result of the process of active interaction with their environment to obtain a change in the form of knowledge, understanding, attitudes, skills and attitudes that value is relative and trace.

         b. The flow characteristics of Cognitivism

         a) concerned with what is in man

         b) the overall importance of the parts

         c) emphasis on the role of cognitive

         d) emphasis on the present condition

         e) emphasis on the formation of cognitive structures
How about the application ?

          c.Application of the theory of Cognitivism

        Cognitivism in learning theory applications of learning that teachers need to understand that adult         students are not as easy in his thinking process, pre-school age children and early elementary school to learn using concrete objects, the activity of students is overlooked, a teacher organization of the material by using a pattern or logic of certain simple complex, teachers create meaningful learning, pay attention to individual differences of each student to achieve student success.

Cognitive learning is characteristic of the learning gain and use representative forms that represent the objects or be represented at present in a person through the responses, ideas, or symbols, all of which is something that is mental

      d.Example  :

         A person told of his experiences during a trip abroad, after returning to his own country. The places he visited during his stay in another country cannot be brought home, the people there are also not present in those places. At the time it was told, but their original responses, ideas and responses were showcased in the words presented to the people who listen to the story

My opinion

From several characteristic and the definition of cognitivism I conclude that there are positif side and negative side of this theory there are :

 Positive side /The advantages To make students more creative and independent, helping students understand the learning material more easily.

Negative side/ disadvantages
The Disadvantages  : the theory is not comprehensive for all levels of education; difficult in practice, especially at advanced levels; some principles such as the elusive intelligence and understanding is still not finished.

Constructivism

a.Defenition :  

New theories in educational psychology grouped in the constructivist learning theory (constructivist theories of learning). Constructivist theory states that students must find their own and transform complex information, check out the new information with old rules and revise them if those rules no longer fit. For students to truly understand and can apply knowledge, they must work to solve problems, find all things to himself, trying desperately to ideas. This theory evolved from the work Piaget, Vygotsky, theories of information processing, and other theories of cognitive psychology, such as the theory of Bruner (Slavin in Nur, 2002: 8).

My opinion :

According to constructivist theory, one of the most important principles in educational psychology is that teachers not only impart knowledge to students. Students must construct their own knowledge in his mind. Teachers can give ease to the process, by giving students the opportunity to discover or implement their own ideas, and teaching students to be aware of and consciously use their own strategies for learning. Teachers can give students the steps that brought students to a higher understanding, with a record of students who have to climb those stairs (Nur, 2002: 8).

 b.Characteristics :

1.          give priority to the learning that is evident in the relevant context,
2.          give priority to the process,
3.          embed pembelajran in the context of social experience,
4.          conducted in an effort to construct a learning experience

The view of constructivism, Driver and Bell (in Susan, Marilyn and Tony, 1995:222) proposed a characteristic or characteristics of the constructivist theory of learning this, some of them:

1) Students are not viewed as something passive, but has a purpose.

2) Learn to consider the optimum student engagement process.

3) Knowledge is not something that comes from outside, but personally constructed.

4) Learning is not the transmission of knowledge, but rather involves setting up a classroom situation.

5) The curriculum is not merely learned, but rather a set of learning materials and resources. Learning is an active process to develop the scheme so that the relevant knowledge is like a spider's web and they are not arranged hierarchically (Hudoyo, 1998:5)

c. Application of Constructivism theory in the classroom

• -          The student must be active in the classroom
• -          Students are given extensive autonomy and control to direct the learning activities
•     Where the learning activities include problem solving, working in groups, collaborative learning, intensive work, experimential learning.
• -          provide a variety of examples and representations of learning material to students
• -          connect the subject matter with real-world
• -          learning environment is challenging and complex tasks
• -          student central learning

d.  The advantages

        Natural thinking process of developing new knowledge, students think to solve the problem, menjana ideas and make decisions.

Schools: because students directly involved in mebina new knowledge, they will understand and be more mengapliksikannya in all situations.

Remember: By students directly involved with the active, they will remember much longer all the concepts. Students believe this approach to build their own kefahaman. Indeed, they are more confident to face and solve problems in new situations.

Social skills: Proficiency is obtained if the social movement and interact with teachers in developing new knowledge.

Nudity: By keep them involved, they understand, remember, believe and interact with sihat, then they will feel sexy in fostering the learning of new knowledge.

In short, the differences between these theories are :

 Well guysS.. those all about learning theories.

So, what is the relationship between 

LEARNING THEORY AND ICT?

As well as  the explaination above, we have 3 learning theories;behaviorism, constructivism, and  cognitivsm.
Now lets see the relationship between each theory with ICT

*Behaviorsm*

In behaviorism , learning is a process of interaction between stimuli and response where learning is suppose to get the material and change the behaviour of the learner become their habitual.
In ICT , this theory become exponent supporter to use the software  and computer  which has a rule as a tutor for the learner (user)
For example : 
- CBI ( Computer Base Instruction )
-CAL (Computer Assisted Learning)
- CAI ( Computer Assisted Instruction)


3 of them woud provide the informations , questions or problems , and evaluation or the answer key even the coputr would response the user answer.
Cognitivism 
In this theory learniong is not only a proses to get the material and change the behaviour become habitual , but learning is a proses of the learner to understanding the problem and find out the problem solving.Where ICT become " partner intelectual "which interact ith the learner to create the critical thingking set and cognitif thinking which more aboard.
For example : photo/picture, music , video , graphic and animation combine together in ICT to help the learner to be more creative and create the thinking proces.
Constructivism
Different from behaviour and cognitivism theory, in constructivism the learner not only response the response the stimuli and understanding the infromation or problem ,but the learner have to find out the information , construct the matrial by themselves.
By using ICT the learner can find the information and produce their subject matter.
For example : A student search the material before the class is started and they share with their friend and teacher in the class my using Power Point and the teacher and other student  give advices and addition , after all of the student present and share their information they collaborate to make a project which connect with that material by using ICT